Category Archives: Digestive health

Weight, obesogens and homeopathy

Detoxification, Digestive health, Total Health, Toxins, Weight

Woman on ScalesWhy do we give antibiotics to animals? I used to think that it is done to treat bacterial infections in animals, especially when animals are grown in overcrowded environments. If only farmers  knew about homeopathy, I thought. But the truth is more devious, most of the antibiotics are given to animals as appetite and growth stimulants,  to promote fast weight gain, and give more profit to the livestock producers. If antibiotics cause weight gain in animals, will they have a similar effect on people? Are antibiotics the only substances that might cause weight gain?

Obesity is an epidemic in the United States. More than one third (39.8% for adults) were obese and another 31.8% were overweight  during 2015-2016. 9 If the trend continues, more than 85% of the US population will be overweight or obese by 2030.10 Children’s weight have increased as well, and obesity predisposes to heart disease, diabetes, cancer and other chronic conditions.

There are many factors that might contribute to weight gain. Some medical conditions, like low thyroid function can cause a person to gain weight. A connection between sleep quantity and quality, stress and disruption of circadian rhythms was found to correlate with weight gain. We inherited an ability to gain more weight in the fall in preparation for the food scarcity in winter (which might not  be true now but was in the past). The most obvious reasons that apply to all humans are amount of food that we eat and activities we do. Weight depends on the difference between an amount of energy obtained from food and energy used during physical activities . If it was always as simple as it sounds, it would be easy to lose or gain weight, eat more and exercise less and you will gain weight, do the opposite and you will lose those extra pounds.

Exercise more

Movement is essential for humans, that is how we evolved, by hunting, gathering, running, lifting, and swimming, we need to move to be healthy. Movement affects everything from circulation to digestion. You do not have to exercise to be healthy,  if you move a lot as a part of your everyday life that will be enough to stay healthy. Our modern sedentary lifestyle does not always support enough movements to stay healthy and keep our weigh in check, so we need to exercise. When you move more, you burn more calories, you lose more weight. On the other hand, when you move more, you feel more hungry and you eat more. It is not easy to exercise when you have extra pounds, muscles have to work really hard to move all that extra weight. Sometimes, we have to take a break from vigorous exercises due to family and work commitments, or when recovering from a trauma. Weight gain might creep up during those times as the appetite is the same, but level of exercise is significantly less. If you are really contemplating losing those extra pounds, you have to consider other factors as well, like what you put into your body as a fuel for the exercise, and how your body metabolizes that food. Otherwise, exercise alone might not bring a sustainable weight loss.

Eat less

The less fuel you put in, the faster you burn it with movement, you eat less, you weigh less. It is important to keep a balance between lowering food intake and still getting all necessary nutrients. The quality of food we eat plays a big role in staying healthy.

If you eat a diet full of processed foods high in sugar and low in nutrients, foods full of pesticides, artificial coloring and other chemicals you are not going to build health even if you eat less of it. Food addiction is real, research shows that sugar is more addictive than cocaine and it is everywhere. 19  It is not easy to eat less amount of addictive foods, but it is possible. You will lose weight initially, but your nutrients starving body will be neither happy nor healthy. Eventually, the body starving from absence of minerals, vitamins, phytonutrients and real fats will not be able to withstand cravings for any food, and you will start eating more of the same favorite processed foods once again.

In order to lose weight for good you have to change not only the amount of the foods you eat, but eat food with high nutrient content. For some people that way of eating will eventually bring sustainable results, but many others will still struggle.

Chemicals in foods and environment

In the modern world we have another player besides exercise and high quality nutritious foods, chemicals. Certain environmental and artificial chemicals can alter our genetic programming that defines how much food it takes to put on weight, and how much exercise is needed to reduce it.

Obesogens

Obesogen is a chemical that causes weight gain and leads to obesity. Obesogens change how energy is stored and used in the body leading to weigh gain and obesity. List of known obesogens is quite long.

“Obesogens are chemical compounds that can promote obesity by increasing the number of fat cells (and fat storage into existing fat cells), by changing the amount of calories burned at rest, by altering energy balance to favor storage of calories, and by altering the mechanisms through which the body regulates appetite and satiety. ” 6

The idea that chemicals can cause obesity was introduced by Dr. Paula Baillie-Hamilton in 2002 in an article that focused on environmental chemicals and obesity. She suggested that the obesity epidemic is correlated with the increased production of chemicals and identified studies showing that exposures to a variety of chemicals led to weight gain.1

In her article, the chemicals that have the ability to cause weight gain included organochlorine pesticides, carbamates (insecticides), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), plastics such as phthalates and BPA (bisphenol A), heavy metals and solvents.

In 2006 Dr. Bruce Blumberg published a paper showing that TBT (tributyltin), a compound that was used in marine paint, could lead to weight gain in mice and coined the term obesogen.1

Drugs

It is well known that certain drugs have side effects of weight gain, drugs like SSRIs (selective serotonin uptake inhibitors), corticosteroids,  atypical anti-psychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, antidiabetic drugs like rosiglitazone (Avandia) and insulin.

Antibiotics have been linked to weight gain for a long time. Low doses of antibiotics have been added into animals feed since 1950s to promote animals growth and weight gain. In a study published in 2012 in the Nature magazine researches discovered that when they fed low dose of antibiotics to mice, the mice gut microbiome changed just like in a livestock, and they turned on genes related to lipid conversion in the liver. Similar to farm animals, the antibiotic-fed mice put on weight as well. 2

Only in the past decade we have started to understand what role trillions of microbes that we host play in our health, and how disruptive antibiotics and artificial chemicals are for our little tenants. Human microbiome (genetic material of all the microbes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses, that live on and inside the human body) is 200 times the number of genes in the human genome.15 Our microbes keep us healthy, digest food we eat, produce neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, vitamins and make minerals available for absorption.

Microbiologists Rob DeSalle and Susan Perkins wrote: “It’s not the microbes that cause problems with our health, but rather disruptions in the natural ecology of our bodies that lead to illness. It is only when the co-evolved ecological balance of our body’s cells with the trillions of microbes living in and on us is thrown out of whack that pathogenicity [disease] arises.” 14

Food additives

Food additive MSG (Monosodium glutamate) has a side effect of an activator of brain pathways that cause weight gain in animal models.3

Recent study16 from Harvard University found that food additive propionate, contributes to insulin resistance and high blood sugar, and causes weight gain. Propionate is a short-chain fatty acid that is used as a mold inhibitor in foods created to have a long shelf-life. It is found in innumerous amount of bread products, commercially prepared foods and diet drinks.

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs)

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are chemicals that interfere with endocrine (hormonal) system.

EDS 3-Figure1-1

Weight gain is controlled by the endocrine system and so is sensitive to disruption by EDCs. It is not surprising that scientists discovered that the same EDCs that cause reproductive and thyroid diseases could cause weight gain.

EDCs interfere with estrogen, androgen and thyroid hormone signaling. EDCs mimic natural hormones and can cause multiple diseases and dysfunctions in reproduction, learning, memory, and behavior. Hormone disruption can cause endometriosis, fibroids, PMS, PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and menopausal issues.  EDCs are found in multiple products, in pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, flame retardants, surfactants, plastics, plasticizers, sunscreens, cosmetics, cigarettes (nicotine), solvents, heavy metals, industrial byproducts, POPs (persistent organic pollutants), and personal care products. 11 EDCs exposure comes from air, dust, water, food, placenta, they are hard to avoid and some of them can be active for years. “There are now around 1,000 chemicals designated as EDCs ” 1.

Obesity starts in the womb

Not so long ago scientists thought that the placenta shielded unborn baby from chemicals in the environment and foods from the mother. Environmental Working Group (EWG) 2005 study found 287 different industrial chemicals and pollutants in babies’ cord blood. 12

Chemicals like PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), dioxins, pesticides, heavy metals like lead, cadmium and mercury, flame retardants, organic solvents were found in breast milk. 13

There is a direct connection between prenatal environment, early life nutrition and chemicals exposure to later-life obesity. Childhood obesity is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, with nicotine being an endocrine disruptor.4 Neonatal exposure to low doses of DES (diethylstilbestrol) causes weight gain and increased fat in females. The connection between estrogenic chemicals and obesity is now well known. Developmental exposure to BPA (bisphenol A) affects brain satiety centers.

According to multiple human studies from 2000 to 2014 prenatal exposure to the following chemicals are implicated in weight gain in childhood and later in life: PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), DDE (from breakdown of DDT), hexachlorobenzene (fungicide), POPs (environmental persistent organic pollutants), PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), persistent organochlorines (pesticides), BPA, DDT (pesticide). 5

Obesogens have heritable effects

Early exposure to obesogens is inheritable. Pregnant mice were treated with low doses of TBT (tributyltin) produced offspring with larger fat deposits and fatty livers; their gene expression pattern indicated bios towards obesity. These impacts of TBT persisted to the third generation of mice (great-grandchildren). 18

Lower your exposure to obesogens

Man Hand writing Reduce Toxins In Your Life with black marker on

Each obesogen in the studies presented has a negative effect on human and/or animal body. The synergistic effects of these individual obesogens has never been tested. One can only imagine what effect multiple obesogens have on humans as we are exposed to multiple combinations of obesogens in our environment every day.

It is clear from the research that in order to lose weight in our modern times it is not enough to eat less and move more. We have to reduce toxic body burden, reduce exposure to toxic chemicals and remove obesogens. Only then we will be able to correctly influence our genetic programming that in turn will restore our body’s ability to regulate appetite and satiety, properly regulate amount of fat cells created and how fat is stored, improve the way energy from foods is stored and used.

We cannot do much about chemicals that being used outside of our homes but we can lower our exposure by revising what products we use for personal care and cleaning, what foods we eat and containers we use.

Homeopathic Detoxification methods

Homeopathic remedies are made from very small amounts of substances that are diluted and energized. They are effective and safe to use, and they do not cause endocrine disruptions or weight gain. It goes without saying that using homeopathic remedies will not add any toxins to your body.

Detoxification is a fancy word for removing toxins from the body. We have an ability to remove toxins through our detoxification pathways. Organs of elimination, liver, kidneys, lungs, bowels, skin, work hard to remove as many toxins as possible. More and more chemicals are created and introduced into our environment. We live in a toxic world, and the need for toxic load elimination is getting higher and higher. Often, the body gets so overwhelmed with toxins that it  needs help removing them before further progress toward better health becomes possible.

To stimulate a toxin release a specific remedy might be used that is made from that specific or similar toxin. High potencies of the remedies are used for detoxification, no toxins are present in the remedies. The remedies gently prompt the body to release and remove the toxins.

Homeopathic remedies are given in a person specific protocol to prompt the body to eliminate multiple toxins and restore the body’s homeostasis. Overall support and organ support are given to promote well being during the detoxification process. Gemmotherapy (the embryological tissues of plants), FCT (Field Control Therapy), HDT (Homeopathic Detox Therapy) and other homeopathic methods and natural remedies are used to stimulate the body to release toxins gently and safely. Homeopathic detoxification has to be done under the supervision of a professional homeopath.

REFERENCES:

  1. Jerrold J. Heindel, Program on Endocrine Disruption Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA, United States; “History of the Obesogen Field: Looking Back to Look Forward”, Front. Endocrinol., 29 January 2019  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2019.00014/full
  1. Ilseung Cho 1,2 , Shingo Yamanishi 1 , Laura Cox 3 , Barbara A. Methe ´ 4 , Jiri Zavadil 5,6 , Kelvin Li 4 , Zhan Gao 3 , Douglas Mahana 3 , Kartik Raju 3 , Isabel Teitler 3 , Huilin Li 7 , Alexander V. Alekseyenko 1,6 & Martin J. Blaser 1,2 “Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity”, August 20, 2012 Vol 488 Nature   https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11400.epdf
  1. Roman-Ramos R, Almanza-Perez JC, Garcia-Macedo R, Blancas-Flores G, Fortis-Barrera A, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ. “Monosodium glutamate neonatal intoxication associated with obesity in adult stage is characterized by chronic inflammation and increased mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in mice.” Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. (2011) 108:406–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00671.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205225
  2. Behl M, Rao, D. Aagaard K, Davidson TL, Levin ED, Holloway AC. “Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and metabolic disorders: a national toxicology program workshop review.” Environ Health Perspect (2013) 121:170–80. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205404
  3. La Merrill M, Birnbaum LS. “Childhood obesity and environmental chemicals.” Mt Sinai J Med. (2011) 78:22–48. doi: 10.1002/msj.20229
  4. Robert H Lustig “Obesity before birth: Maternal and prenatal influences on the offspring.”Springer Science & Business Media, September 23, 2010
  5. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
  6. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
  7. Cheryl D. Fryar; et al. (September 2018). “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Adults Aged 20 and Over: United States, 1960–1962 Through 2015–2016“, (PDF). Health E-Stats. National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics. Retrieved December 26, 2018.  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_15_16/obesity_adult_15_16.pdf
  1. Hruby, Adela; Hu, Frank B. (July 1, 2015). “The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture”. PharmacoEconomics. 33 (7): 673–689. doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x. ISSN1179-2027. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859313/
  1. https://endocrinedisruption.org/
  2. “The Pollution in Newborns. A benchmark investigation of industrial chemicals, pollutants and pesticides in umbilical cord blood”, Environmental Working Group, July 14, 2005 https://www.ewg.org/research/body-burden-pollution-newborns
  3. Massart F1, Gherarducci G, Marchi B, Saggese G. “Chemical biomarkers of human breast milk pollution”, 2008 Mar 28;3:159-169. PMID:19578503  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688366/
  1. Rob DeSalle and Susan Perkins “Welcome to the Microbiome: Getting to Know the Trillions of Bacteria and Other Microbes In, On, and Around You “, Yale University Press; 1 edition (November 10, 2015)
  2. https://depts.washington.edu/ceeh/downloads/FF_Microbiome.pdf
  3. Amir Tirosh Ediz S. Calay,Gurol Tuncman , Kathryn C. Claiborn, Karen E. Inouye, Kosei Eguchi, Michael Alcala, Moran Rathaus, Kenneth S. Hollander, Idit Ron, Rinat Livne, Yoriko Heianza, Lu Qi, Iris Shai, Rajesh Garg, Gökhan S. Hotamisligil “The short-chain fatty acid propionate increases glucagon and FABP4 production, impairing insulin action in mice and humans”, Science Translational Medicine  24 Apr 2019: Vol. 11, Issue 489 https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/11/489/eaav0120.full
  1. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/11/20/20968841/common-food-additive-raises-risk-for-obesity-diabetes-propionate
  2. Amanda S. Janesick, Bruce Blumberg, “Obesogens: an emerging threat to public health”, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, May 2016: 214(5); 559-565 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851574/
  1. Ahmed SH1, Guillem K, Vandaele Y.“Sugar addiction: pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit.” Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 Jul;16(4):434-9. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328361c8b8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23719144

 

 

Got Acid Reflux? Addressing acid reflux with homeopathy

Acid reflux, Chronic illness, Digestive health, Homeopathy, Homeopathy for the Family, Total Health, , , , , ,

Acid Reflux – Article summary:   Acid reflux affects many people. What is acid reflux? What is GERD? Foods that aggravate acid reflux, what increases your chances to get acid reflux. The causes for acid reflux. Dangers of low stomach acid. Antacid medications linked to serious health problems.  Homeopathic remedies for acid reflux. 

Acid reflux is a common condition that makes life very challenging for many people.  One out of five people experiences heartburn or acid regurgitation on a weekly basis, and two out of five people experience heartburn or acid regurgitation at least once a month. 2 The number of people having acid reflux has increased in the past decades. 3

woman patient with acid reflux

What is acid reflux?

Acid reflux is a condition where stomach contents flow backward into the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat with the stomach.  The stomach contains gastric juices, a mixture of hydrochloric acid, mucus and enzymes, that will irritate any other tissue outside the stomach. There is a mechanism in our body that prevents influx of the stomach contents back into the esophagus. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) seals off the esophagus from the stomach. LES only opens when we swallow or belch. If the sphincter becomes relaxed in the wrong time, the stomach content goes back into the esophagus, and we experience unpleasant sensation called acid reflux.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

If the root cause for acid reflux is unaddressed, the condition can worsen and from occasional event acid reflux might start happening twice a week or more. When that happens, it becomes a more severe form of acid reflux called Gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD. 15-30% of the US population has GERD. 1  One of the symptoms of GERD is heartburn, but other symptoms might be present as well, chest pain, persistent sore throat, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, dry cough and bad breath.

Certain foods can aggravate the symptoms of acid reflux.

Foods that can aggravate acid reflux:

  • Citrus
  • Tomato sauce
  • Chocolate
  • Coffee
  • Tea
  • Fried food
  • Rich food
  • Spicy food
  • Alcohol

Risk factors for acid reflux:  

  • Being overweight, being pregnant, overeating
  • Anxiety medications, antidepressants, antibiotics, high blood pressure medications, osteoporosis medications, painkillers 8
  • Smoking
  • Low level of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)7
  • Being older than 40

What causes acid reflux?

Heartburn is the most frequent symptom of acid reflux. It is unpleasant and can be limiting your activities and foods. Acid reflux affects not only quality of life, it can also have long term consequences. Chronic acid reflux causes the scarring of esophagus that makes swallowing food difficult, and can cause esophageal cancer if left unaddressed for long time. Conventional theory is that the damage to the esophagus occurs because stomach acid is caustic and causes scarring of the esophagus. That is why the goal of conventional medicine is to reduce stomach acid by antacids.

Many acid reducing medications, antacids like Tums, Rolaids, Mylanta, Pepto-Bismol, Zantag and Pepcid (Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists),  Prevacid, Prilosec and Protonix (Proton pump inhibitors)  are readily available.

The study4 done in 2009 showed that the damage to the esophagus starts from deeper layers of esophageal tissue, not the superficial esophageal tissue layers. That means that the mechanism by which acid reflux causes damage is not really from stomach acid itself but rather because the stomach contents does not belong in the esophagus. When the stomach contents is regurgitated up to the esophagus, the immune system builds a reaction which in turn triggers the damage of deep layers of esophageal tissue. Eventually, the immune reaction proliferates and the cells of superficial esophageal tissues are damaged as well. The study suggested “an alternative concept for the development of reflux esophagitis in which refluxed gastric juice does not directly damage the esophagus, but rather stimulates esophageal epithelial cells to secrete chemokines that mediate damage of esophageal tissue.”4 Chemokines are a special type of cytokine (protein, signaling molecule) that attract white blood cells to infected or damaged tissues.

Stomach acid by itself does not open LES. Increased pressure between stomach and esophagus causes stomach contents to go back up. That pressure can be created from being overweight, pregnant, overeating, or bacterial overgrowth and/or low digestive motility. Smoking relaxes LES making it easier for stomach content to go up.  Certain medications, like antibiotics,  antidepressants, osteoporosis medications (Fosamax),  pain relievers and some others8   irritate esophageal lining and cause heartburn. Research showed that after eradicating H. pylori with antibiotics people who have low rate of  H. pylori bacteria have a higher rate of GERD.7

Dangers of low stomach acid

Reducing stomach acid does nothing to address the root cause of the problem, and low stomach acid can actually cause serious health problems including acid reflux.5

Low stomach acid causes malabsorption of nutrients from foods. Inability to absorb vitamins and minerals causes heartburn, indigestion, osteoporosis, fatigue, and anemia. Stomach acid also plays an important role in protecting gastrointestinal tract from microorganisms, fungi, bacteria,  that are in the food we eat. When the stomach acid is low, candida and bacteria like clostridium difficile and other unfriendly bacteria11 can proliferate and cause bloating, nausea, constipation, diarrhea and other digestive disorders.

Antacid medications are linked to a variety of serious health problems

Prolonged use of Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2A) antacids medications is associated with cognitive impairment16 and interferes with sleep and other medications absorption.21 H2A antacids effectiveness wears with time, and another class of drugs – proton pump inhibitors,  is being used often in chronic cases.

More and more research link popular heartburn drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), medications that include Lansopazole (Prevacid), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix) to a variety of serious health problems. Originally, PPIs were recommended to be used for 2 weeks only, but now millions of people take PPIs for very long time. Long term use of PPIs causes gut dysbiosis12,  serious kidney damage10, bone fractures13, dementia15, heart attacks17, osteoporosis14, pneumonia18, cancer19 and is associated with an increased risk of death.9

To reduce discomfort from acid reflux:

  • Do not overeat
  • Avoid trigger foods
  • Avoid tight-fitting clothes
  • Exercise
  • Stop eating three or four hours before bed time
  • Keep your head elevated

How to avoid acid reflux  

The best way to address acid reflux issues is to address the root cause. In most cases the core reason for acid reflux is impaired digestion.  Restore your digestion with the help of natural homeopathic remedies – improve digestive motility, address dysbiosis ( bacterial overgrowth or imbalance), improve microbiome diversity, detoxify your body. Restore your digestion, and acid reflux will be the problem of the past.

Homeopathic remedies for occasional acid reflux:

Abies nigra- relieves stomach pain after eating, sensation of pain on the top of the stomach, feels as if one swallowed a rock or an egg. Worse after eating.

Carbo vegetabilis- relieves heartburn due to stomach bloating with gas. Slow digestion. Worse rich foods, exhaustion. Better belching, cool air.

Nux vomica- relieves heartburn due to overindulgence in food and/or drinks. Craves spicy foods, alcohol, coffee, tobacco. Worse tight clothes, after eating, cold. Better warm drinks.

Robinia pseudoacacia- relieves heartburn with water brash. Burning in the whole digestive tract. Worse at night and in bed. Worse fat and flatulent foods. Sour belching.

To relieve occasional discomfort consider homeopathic remedies listed above. If you have tried 3-6 doses of a homeopathic remedy and you do not see expected results, or to address chronic acid reflux contact your homeopathic practitioner for more specific suggestions.

References:

  1. https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/facts-statistics-infographic#5
  2. https://www.aboutgerd.org/prevalence.html
  3. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/acid-reflux-rise-study-finds/story?id=15208938
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19660463  Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5):1776-84. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.055. Epub 2009 Aug 4.  Gastroesophageal reflux might cause esophagitis through a cytokine-mediated mechanism rather than caustic acid injury.Souza RF1, Huo X, Mittal V, Schuler CM, Carmack SW, Zhang HY, Zhang X, Yu C, Hormi-Carver K, Genta RM, Spechler SJ. Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Irving, Texas, USA. rhonda.souza@utsouthwestern.edu
  1. https://link.springer.com/article /10.1007%2Fs00535-012-0634-8?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_brand_PID4003003&utm_content=de_textlink Journal of Gastroenterology , February 2013, Volume 48, Issue 2, pp 214–221 | Cite as Gastric hypochlorhydria is associated with an exacerbation of dyspeptic symptoms in female patients, Wataru Iwai , Yasuhiko Abe, Katsunori Iijima, Tomoyuki Koike, Kaname Uno, Naoki Asano , Akira Imatani, Tooru Shimosegawa; Original Article—Alimentary Tract, First Online: 25 July 2012
  1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/ageing-and-the-gut/A85D096755F5F7652C262495ABF302A0  Volume 72, Issue 1 , February 2013 , pp. 173-177  Ageing and the gut, Edward Britton (a1) and John T. McLaughlin (a1) (a2) ,  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665112002807 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 November 2012
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  1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/expert-answers/heartburn-gerd/faq-20058535 ” GERD: Can certain medications increase severity?, Michael F. Picco, M.D.
  1. Yan Xie, Benjamin Bowe, Tingting Li, Hong Xian, Yan Yan, Ziyad Al-Aly. Risk of death among users of Proton Pump Inhibitors: a longitudinal observational cohort study of United States veterans. BMJ Open, 2017; 7 (6): e015735 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015735
  1. Tigran Makunts, Isaac V. Cohen, Linda Awdishu, Ruben Abagyan. Analysis of postmarketing safety data for proton-pump inhibitors reveals increased propensity for renal injury, electrolyte abnormalities, and nephrolithiasis. Scientific Reports, 2019; 9 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39335-7
  1. Cristina Llorente, Peter Jepsen, Tatsuo Inamine, Lirui Wang, Sena Bluemel, Hui J. Wang, Rohit Loomba, Jasmohan S. Bajaj, Mitchell L. Schubert, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Patrick M. Gillevet, Jun Xu, Tatiana Kisseleva, Samuel B. Ho, Jessica DePew, Xin Du, Henrik T. Sørensen, Hendrik Vilstrup, Karen E. Nelson, David A. Brenner, Derrick E. Fouts, Bernd Schnabl. Gastric acid suppression promotes alcoholic liver disease by inducing overgrowth of intestinal Enterococcus. Nature Communications, 2017; 8 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00796-x
  2. Dig Dis Sci. 2018 Nov;63(11):2940-2949. doi: 10.1007/s10620-018-5122-4. Epub 2018 May 24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796911  Gut Microbiota Composition Before and After Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Hojo M1, Asahara T2,3, Nagahara A4, Takeda T5, Matsumoto K4, Ueyama H4, Matsumoto K4, Asaoka D5, Takahashi T2,3, Nomoto K3,6, Yamashiro Y2, Watanabe S4.
  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22294756  BMJ. 2012 Jan 30;344:e372. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e372.  Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture in relation to dietary and lifestyle factors: a prospective cohort study.  Khalili H1, Huang ES, Jacobson BC, Camargo CA Jr, Feskanich D, Chan AT.  Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
  1. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/179/4/319  Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures   Laura E. Targownik, Lisa M. Lix, Colleen J. Metge, Heather J. Prior, Stella Leung and William D. Leslie  CMAJ August 12, 2008 179 (4) 319-326; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071330
  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26882076  JAMA Neurol. 2016 Apr;73(4):410-6. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4791.  Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors With Risk of Dementia: A Pharmacoepidemiological Claims Data Analysis.  Gomm W1, von Holt K1, Thomé F1, Broich K2, Maier W3, Fink A4, Doblhammer G5, Haenisch B1. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.
  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860609/  J Am Geriatr Soc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 Apr 28.  J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Aug; 55(8): 1248–1253. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01270.x PMCID: PMC2860609 NIHMSID: NIHMS190446 PMID: 17661965 The Association Between Cognition and Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists in African Americans   Malaz Boustani, MD, MPH,  Kathleen S. Hall, PhD, Kathleen A. Lane, MS, Hisham Aljadhey, PharmD,‖ Sujuan Gao, PhD, Frederick Unverzagt, PhD, Michael D. Murray, PharmD, MPH, Adesola Ogunniyi, MD,and Hugh Hendrie, MB, ChB, DSc (Med)
  1. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124653  Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population  Nigam H. Shah , Paea LePendu , Anna Bauer-Mehren, Yohannes T. Ghebremariam, Srinivasan V. Iyer, Jake Marcus, Kevin T. Nead, John P. Cooke, Nicholas J. Leeper  Published: June 10, 2015;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124653
  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21731913   World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Jun 6;2(3):17-26. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v2.i3.17.  Proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia: Not a breath of fresh air after all?   Fohl AL1, Regal RE. Alexander L Fohl, University of Michigan Hospitals and College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5008,, United States.
  1. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/10/e017739  BMJ Oncology Research Maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden Nele Brusselaers1, Karl Wahlin2, Lars Engstrand3, Jesper Lagergren2,4
  1. https://gut.bmj.com/content/67/1/28  BMJ Long-term proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study  Ka Shing Cheung1, Esther W Chan2,  Angel Y S Wong2, Lijia Chen1, Ian C K Wong2,3, Wai Keung Leung1
  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/h2-antagonist  Drugs That Disturb Sleep and Wakefulness   Paula K. Schweitzer, in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (Fifth Edition), 2011